You have purchased an 8-bit R-2R digital to analog converter to control the joint position on a robotic arm (the position of which is proportional to the input voltage).

a) The DAC shows an output voltage of 1.21 V when the binary value 00100101 is applied. What is the full scale analog output range of this DAC in volts?
b) What voltage does the DAC output with a binary value of 11101010 applied?
c) If the joint rotates 8.6 degree

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa.s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)