A horizontal 100-mm-diameter pipe passing hot oil is to be used in the design of an industrial water heater. Based on a typical water draw rate, the velocity of the water over the pipe is 0.5 m/s. the hot oil maintains the outer surface of the pipe at 85 °C and the water temperature is 37 °C. Investigate the effect of water flow direction on the heat rate (W/m) for (a) horizontal, (b) downward, and (c) upward flow.

The answer and explanation is in the attached file

Explanation:

To a certain extent, there are few factors that affect the path a river is expected take. First of all, water runs downhill due to law of gravity. a flow is expected to go southward or northward, to the west or to the east, but always downhill.

Flow direction influences the particular direction water will flow in a given cell. Based on the steepest descent direction of the in each cell, we measure flow direction.

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