What amount of force is being exerted in the horizontal direction?

Explain the difference laminar and turbulent flow. explain it with the shear stress and the velocity profiles.

If the thermal strain developed in polyimide film during deposition is given as 0.0044. assume room temperature is kept at 17.3 c, and thermal coefficient of expansion for the film and the substrate are 54 x 10^-6c^-1 and 3.3 x 10^-6c^-1respectively. calculate the deposition temperature.

Different types of steels contain different elements that alter the characteristics of the steel. for each of the following elements, explain what the element does when alloyed with steel.