Describe the different methods that mine-owners used to remove water from their mines in the 18th century. Explain why the mine-owners were always looking for new methods to remove this water.

Explain the difference laminar and turbulent flow. explain it with the shear stress and the velocity profiles.

Consider a large isothermal enclosure that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 2000 k. calculate the emissive power of the radiation that emerges from a small aperture on the enclosure surface. what is the wavelength ? , below which 10% of the emission is concentrated? what is the wavelength ? 2 above which 10% of the emission is concentrated? determine the wavelength at which maximum spectral emissive power occurs. what is the irradiation incident on a small object placed inside the enclosure?

Prove the equivalence between the two statements of the 2nd law of thermodynamics (i.e., a violation of one statement leads to the violatio the other statement)