Please calculate the voltage drop on R3

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Aturning operation is performed with following conditions: rake angle of 12°, a feed of 0.35 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 1.1 mm. the work piece is aluminum alloy 6061 with t6 heat treatment (a16061-t6). the resultant chip thickness was measured to be 1.0 mm. estimate the cutting force, fc. use shear stress of 207 mpa and coefficient of friction on the tool face of 0.6.

What is a monomer? how do they form a ploymer from the view point of chemical bonding?

The quality is zero at a)-the saturated vapour state b)-the saturated liquid state c)-the saturated liquid-vapour mixture state d)-none of the states in the other answers