The shore was fledged with palm trees. these stood or leaned or reclined against the light and their green feathers were a hundred feet up in the air. the ground beneath them was a bank covered with coarse grass, torn everywhere by the upheavals of fallen trees, scattered with decaying coconuts and palm saplings. behind this was the darkness of the forest proper and the open space of the scar. ralph stood, one hand against a grey trunk, and screwed up his eyes against the shimmering water. out there, perhaps a mile away, the white surf flinked on a coral reef, and beyond that the open sea was dark blue. within the irregular arc of coral the lagoon was still as a mountain lake—blue of all shades and shadowy green and purple. you are analyzing classic novels before you begin your own narrative writing. which best describes a narrative element used in this excerpt? a) setting b) foreshadowing c) first person point of view reactivate d) characterization