The effect was that captain gregory hanson decided to cut out the center of the cakes he was frying. what was the cause?

It's a surface area maximization strategy. The hole maximizes the surface area, which is important for cooking when the doughnut is fried in oil or baked. The closer to the heat source (the oil) the innermost part of the doughnut is, the faster it will cook, and the less time the outside will overcook while the inside is still under-cooked. So basically the hole is for better cooking, so that the doughnut will taste better and will cook evenly.

Gregory Hanson cut the middle out because it was to soggy. It allowed increased surface area for uniform frying.

animal farm, written by george orwell, is a representation of russia after the revolution that led stalin to take over power.

in this excerpt, the central idea seems to be that the animals (a representation of society), when they believe to be working for a greater good and equality, are obedient and productive. they were convinced that, after expelling the owner (jones) from the farm, they would live in harmony and be fairly treated.

as we know, the pigs become the leaders and grow more selfish and dictatorial with time. in the end, they look and act in a way so similar to humans that it is impossible to tell the difference. the ideals of equality are shattered, and the farm turns out to be worse than it was before. the animals are manipulated with false propaganda and forced to work in order to enrich the pigs.