7which sentence includes a restrictive clause? i often see my middle school english teacher shopping at the mall. the english novelist charles dickens also wrote plays and articles. the ceramic cups birgit bought at the garage sale are all chipped. american literature, which we study in 11th grade, is my favorite subject.

A restrictive clause is not preceded by a comma and it is making a clear distinction about the subject in the sentence.

That is the reason why, the only sentence that includes a restrictive clause is the third one, in order: "The ceramic cups Birgit bought at the garage sale are al chipped."

The answer to your question would be that the sentence that includes a restrictive clause is the following one: The ceramic cups Birgit bought at the garage sale are all chipped.

The sentence above contains a reduced relative clause because it does not contain the relative pronoun (a). What is more, it is restrictive because it adds essential information to the sentence; it helps identify the noun it modifies (the ceramic cups Birgit).

a) The ceramic cups Birgit which were bought at the garage sale are all chipped.

b. our party quickly made its way into the cave / but we failed to find our host [the cyclops] himself inside.