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(1) there are three main ways that children learn their gender roles. (2) one is conditioning through rewards and punishments. (3) for example, boys who play with model airplanes and girls who play with dolls will usually be encouraged by their parents. (4) on the other hand, boys who prefer dolls and girls who prefer airplanes will often be criticized or even punished. (5) another element is imitation. (6) young children will usually imitate adults who they think are like themselves. (7) this means that boys will usually imitate their fathers and girls their mothers. (8) the third and perhaps most important element is self-definition. (9) children quickly learn that all people are either male or female and define themselves as belonging to one sex rather than the other. (10) they then use this self-definition to choose their future interests and to develop their personalities and social roles.