Which option is an example of the author's use of logos in "lifeboat ethics:
the case against the poor"?
a. the author provides the population rates of the united states and
several other countries.
b. the author quotes people who are authorities on the topic of
famine relief and hunger.
c. the author divides people into categories of "us" and "them" a
tactic to scare the audience.
d. the author references several historical and literary figures, adding
to his credibility

there is no excerpt.

put the excerpt in the comments and ill answer.

queen elizabeth's purpose in the passage is;

d. to persuade the troops that she is a capable commander

"i have the heart and stomach of a king. i myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder."

to eliminate ambiguous remote or broad reference it is necessary to focus on anaphoric reference. by definition "anaphoric reference means that a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning." the references should be clear and leave no room for ambiguity.

in the first case the pronoun it probably refers to the car but it has not been mentioned before so we should replace it for the car. in doing so the statement becomes clear.

in sentence number   two   the pronoun he refers to charles dickens the author. yet, the first half of the sentence is about the book a tale of two cities. to repair this it would be better to rephrase the first half : after i read   a tale of two cities by dickens, he so as to remove the remote reference.