Which of the following is not a risk factor associated with crime (has not been linked to increasing the likelihood of criminality)?

a. family and friends who hold criminal beliefs and engage in criminality
b. lack of educational motivation
c. a bond with a religion
d. single-parent household

Single-parent household

Explanation:

"D" is NOT a risk factor associated with crime. It has been demonstrated that children grown in single-parent (mother or father) families do not show violent patterns. On the contrary, children grown in single-parent homes follow rules more accurately and tend to have instincts to form well-constituted families during their adulthood.

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