Born in 1835 in scotland, andrew carnegie immigrated to the united states in 1848 with his parents. carnegie worked his way through a series of jobs and eventually worked his way up to superintendent of the pittsburgh division of pennsylvania railroad. carnegie became quite skilled at investing and making connections. he became known for successfully merging companies and increasing profit in a rapidly changing america.
working in the field of american industry and making shrewd investments, he amassed a fortune before the age of 30. while he was known for his business skills, he was also an innovator. in a desire to make steel more cheaply and more efficiently, he successfully adopted and implemented the bessemer process at his homestead steel works plant. by 1889, steel production in the united states outpaced that of the u. k., and most of that was under carnegie's control. by then, carnegie was one of the wealthiest men in america.
the company had a challenging year in 1892. in late june, plant employees—members of a major labor union—went on strike and shut homestead down. for about a week, there was little activity, but then, carnegie's partner, henry frick, brought in the detectives to bring the plant back under company control. after a short conflict, the state militia was brought in. the company regained control of the plant, although there was an unsuccessful attempt to resume fighting. later that year the strike collapsed. unfortunately, the events at homestead stuck to carnegie, and his reputation suffered for years.
in 1901, times were changing, and carnegie steel was merged into j. p. morgan's new company—united states steel corporation. this left time for carnegie to pursue philanthropy. earlier in his life, carnegie lived near colonel james anderson, a rich man who allowed any working boy to use his personal library for free. carnegie never forgot colonel anderson's generosity. as an adult, he came to believe that any accumulated wealth should be distributed in the form of public endowments.
carnegie founded 2,509 libraries in the united states and other countries. he also gave $125 million to a foundation called the carnegie corporation to aid colleges and other schools. by 1911, carnegie had given away a huge amount of money—90 percent of his fortune. carnegie died in 1919, but his legacy lived on through the libraries, universities, and cultural institutions that he gave so generously to establish.

2
how does the fourth paragraph contribute to the passage as a whole?
a.
it explains how carnegie came to engage in doing charitable work.
b.
it explains how carnegie wanted to repay those who him in life.
c.
it shows that carnegie had unique ideas about the responsibilities of the wealthy.
d.
it shows that he had always placed giving to others ahead of conducting business.