Which statement above characterization in travel narrative is true?

1. characters who are named but given little description are commonplace in travel narration
2. using different words that few people understand is a common characterization tool in travel narratives
3. including a passage with few references to time and place is typically used by authors to characterize people in travel narratives
4. characters who have been dead for a long time are usualy included in travel narrative

i think the literacy device is "it's frozen head"

it makes the game seem more impressive.

the best sentence that shows the best placement for the modifier "on the ice" is the one which contains it in the end of the sentence or in its beggining followed by a comma, that indicates it works as adverbial, dislocated in the sentence.

the girl promptly slid on her rollers on the ice.

on the ice, the girl promptly slid on her rollers.

how is the underlined gerund phrase used in the sentence?  

josh's plan, rushing the passer, seemed sound to us.

a.

object of a preposition

b.

direct object

c.

appositive

d.

subject