Recommendations
From: William B. Badke, Research Strategies: Finding your way through
the Information Fog, 3rd ed. Bloomington, IN: Universe. com, 2008
From this graphic, we can conclude that
OA) data collection is more important than formulating the question.
OB) a research paper stays within the boundaries of reporting facts.
OC) the concluding analysis will answer the question.
OD) the research topic can be focused during the final analysis.

How does this excerpt develop the central idea that espionage during the civil war was often carried out by untrained citizens? it enhances the reader’s understanding by explaining why training was unnecessary. it changes the reader’s perception of what information a spy was able to obtain. it explains an ordinary person’s motivation for conducting espionage against the enemy. it adds moral complexity to espionage, due to the use of secret and dangerous methods.