UNITED AND DIVIDED: HOW RELIGION DROVE POLITICS IN PRE-MODERN EUROPE How does the author support the idea that religion had an important influence on politics in Europe? commonLit

According to the author  Shelby Ostergaard, the description in her novel states that religious wars and the Protestant Reformation were the key elements in transforming Europe's political order.

Explanation:

The Catholic Church influenced the Protestant Reformation and the European religious wars. It led to the break up of the European political order in the 15th century. The treaty of peace of Westphalia in1648 was signed to establish Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism. This division of the Christian beliefs led to the re-establishment of Europe's political system.

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According to Shelby Ostergaard, religious wars and the Protestant Reformation were key elements in leading Europe into the nation-state system.

Explanation:

In the 15th century, a conflict within the Catholic Church prompted the Protestant Reformation and the European religious wars and that fragmented the European political order. The conflict ended when the Peace of Westphalia (1648) was signed, establishing Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism as different authentic Christian beliefs, and reorganizing Europe from a tribal system into the nation-state system.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)