What is the meaning of the word equivalent as it used in paragraph 4?

Equivalent means equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc. (adj.) or a person or thing that is equal to or corresponds with another in value, amount, function, meaning, etc. (noun)

equivalent means the same amount

Explanation:They want their product to become the equivalent of the original." "If you can produce an equivalent product, we will consider it." "He earned the equivalent of one million dollars." "He had to pay the equivalent of her loss."

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).

- "the basic difference between keywords and subjects is that subjects (or "subject headings") have been predetermined, while keywords have not. a keyword is an easy place to start because you can use any word that seems to fit your search; this is called "natural language" searching."