Megan wants to get a cookie before dinner, but she knows that s against her mother s rules. As she is considering getting a cookie she can hear her mother walking toward the kitchen where the cookie jar is. Realizing she would probably get caught and punished, Megan decides to leave the kitchen without a cookie. According to Kohlberg, which level of moral development is Megan currently in?A. Conventional reasoning
B. Postconventional reasoning
C. Formal conventional reasoning
D. Preconventional reasoning

D). Preconventional reasoning.

Explanation:

Preconventional reasoning is characterized as the initial stage of the moral development theory proposed by Kohlberg. In this stage, the children tend to display obedience to the rules and acceptance towards the teachings of the authority figures as they are not yet been able to reason or internalize these things themselves.

As per the given description, Megan is in 'preconventional' level of moral development(according to Kohlberg's theory) as she displays obedience and conformity to the rules set by her mother(which represents the 'authority figure') to avoid punishment. Thus, option D is the correct answer.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)