Sejnowski rejected the usual top-down approach to reproducing human speech. He threw out the fat dictionaries of pronunciation and programs brimming with the rules of phonetics and the tedious list of exceptions to all the previous rules, which had no rhyme or reason. Instead, he replaced all this with a surprisingly simple neural circuit. Miraculously, NETalk learns to speak English the way we do, from trial and error alone. No programs, no dictionaries, no rules, no rules for exceptions – just the ability to learn from its mistakes.

–Visions, Michio Kaku

Check all of the words that give clues to the meaning of phonetics.

reproducing

pronunciation

exceptions

dictionaries

B). Pronunciations.

D). Dictionaries.

Explanation:

Context clues are demonstrated as the hints or clues that are provided by the author to signal the meaning of an unfamiliar word. It allows the readers to understand the meaning of such words more clearly and text as a whole comprehensively.

In the given excerpt, the words 'pronunciations' and 'dictionaries' function as the clues for explaining the meaning of the word 'phonetics.' These words signal the reader that 'phonetics' is associated with the 'physical characteristics of human speech i.e. 'dictionaries'(words used in speech) and the 'pronunciation'(how they are uttered or sound) that allows the listener to understand the perceive the intended meaning. Thus, options B and D are the correct answers.

it was surely an odd creature that one made up by reading the historians first and the poets afterwards a worm winged like an eagle; the spirit of life and elegance and charm,   in a kitchen chopping up suet. but these creatures, monst'r however entertaining to the imagination, hast no existence in fact. what one might doth to bringeth h'r to life wast to bethink poetically and prosaically at one and the same moment,   thus keeping in toucheth with fact—that the lady is mrs martin, ag'd thirty-six, did dress in blue, wearing a black coxcomb and brown shoeth; but not losing sight of fiction eith'r—that the lady is a vessel in which all s'rts of spirits and f'rces art coursing and flashing p'rpetually. the moment, howev'r, yond one tries this method with the elizabethan mistress, one brancheth of illumination fails; one is did hold up by the scarcity of facts.   one knoweth nothing detailed, nothing p'rfectly true and substantial about h'r.   hist'ry scarcely mentions h'r.   and i did turn to professeth'r trevelyan again to seeth what hist'ry meanteth to that gent.   i hath found by looking at his chapt'r headings yond t meanteth.

mark twain, real name samuel langhorne clemens, was an american writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. among his novels are the adventures of tom sawyer and its sequel, the adventures of huckleberry finn, the latter often called "the great american novel". wikipedia