Matching.
patronage
appointee
electoral vote
1. one who is nominated or designated to a position
2. appointing individuals to political offices
money designated for the purpose of conducting a winning
campaign
the vote each state is given to cast for a national candidate
for President of the United States
the chairman of the national committee and the presidential
candidate
the group of leaders who make the major decisions in the
political party's election strategy
committee
war chest
specific leader

what were the options?

"urban sprawl, the spreading of large developments of housing and shopping areas around a city’s center, has many negative cultural and environmental effects. " (from your link)

so, your answer is: it has a negative effect on the environment, otherwise known as c~hope this mate. 

dr eric sanderson is a character from the book "a world without us". acording to this story dr sanderson's goal is to determine what manhattan island was in the past, before it became a city. sanderson is an ecologist who is interested in the way manhattan looked like in the 17th century.