The book on the table belongs to me. Here, the prepositional phrase "on the table" modifies book. Because book is a noun, that makes "on the table" an adjective phrase.
Did you drive to the grocery store today? Here, "to the grocery store" modifies drive. Because drive is a verb, that makes "to the grocery store" an adverb phrase.
Ms. Reyes, my English teacher, is fluent in Spanish and French. Here, "my English teacher," modifies Ms. Reyes, which is a noun. Because this phrase is telling us more information about the noun that is immediately beside it, it is an appositive phrase.