Titus wants to teach his friend how to dye a hard-boiled egg. He recites these instructions.

Fill a cup with ¼ cup of vinegar. Next, empty the dye packet into the vinegar. Stir the dye until it has dissolved into the vinegar. Then, put the egg in the dye and let it soak for three minutes. Once the egg reaches the desired color, remove it from the dye, and place it on a stand to dry. Then repeat the process for the remaining eggs.

His friend tries to follow his instructions, but halfway through she cannot remember the next step. Titus repeats the same instructions. His friend is able to complete the next step, but she is stuck again at the following step and becomes frustrated.

Based on Titus’s instructions and the outcome, at what part of being an effective speaker could Titus most improve?

giving precise directions to his listener
using signal words to show the order of his instructions
choosing language that matches the level of his audience
pausing to check that his listener understands