How do we know that Tom Robinson could not have done what he is accused of (what avtually happened) and what is the climax of Atticus' closing statement?

We know that Tom Robinson could not have done what he is accused of because the evidences presented in the courtroom show that it was "physically impossible" for him to be the culprit, and that proves his innocence, and the state has not given any medical evidence that the crime even took place.

The climax of Atticus' closing statement is this "Our courts have their faults, as does any human constitution, but in this country our courts are great levellers, and in our courts all men are created equal."

Explanation:

In cross-examining the witnesses in defense of Tom Robinson Atticus revealed that most of Mayella Ewell's bruises are on the right side of her face, meaning she was struck with a left hand, and Tom Robinson's left arm is completely useless. However he pointed out that Bob Ewell is left-handed, which suggests that he might have been the one responsible for his daughter's injuries.

Atticus also proved that Mayella and her father are lying in giving their testimonies, and he explained the reason Mayella blames Tom Robinson is because of her guilt for kissing Tom previously, which is a violation of the social "code" that prohibits interracial relationships.

In his closing statement Atticus urged the jurors not to let their racial prejudice influence their verdict, he told them, "Gentlemen, a court is no better than each man of you sitting here before me on this jury. a court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard and come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty."

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

heres a link to answer that question enjoy!