Is this the year when the moon and the sun will align. what kind of clause is used?

The answer is "adjectival clause".

Explanation:

"when the moon and the sun will align" is an adjective clause because it is modifying the noun "year", because it has a verb and a subject, and because it is introduced by the relative adverb "when".

Adjective clauses, also known as relative or adjectival clauses, always describe the noun or the pronoun they modify.  

Another example, in "I can remember the house where I spent my childhood", the noun "house" is being modified by the adjectival clause "where I spent my childhood", which has subject and verb, and it is introduced by the relative adverb "where".

faulty parallelism is a grammar construction where there is no balance in the parts of a sentence they have a similar meaning but the grammar structure is not equivalent.

the correct version of this faulty parallelism in the sentence is:

jefferson wrote the declaration of independence, and he was the nation's third president.

the problem with the first version is that the sentence:

"jefferson was both the writer of the declaration of independence"

presents jefferson as both a subject and an agent for the verb "write" because if he was "the writer" then the declaration of independence was written by him, besides that fact, the sentence presents a dependent clause.

while the second sentence:

he was the nation's third president.

presents a basic subject+verb+object structure

so, to give a proper balance to the structure, or better said, to give a parallel structure, we must write a basic s+v+o structure in both sentences:

jefferson wrote the declaration of independence, and he was the nation third president.

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explanation: