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the dog barks
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the dog barks whenever the mailman is at the door. the dog is barking now. therefore, the mailman must be at the door.
the second sentence of this passage reads: "therefore, the mailman must be at the door.” this is called a logical conclusion. a logical conclusion states what we understand to be true given the information we are presented.

using information in the passage, we can understand that the logical conclusion of this passage may be incorrect if
a. the dog never barks at the neighbors
b. the dog also barks at cats in the window
c. the mailman is afraid of the dog
d. the mailman does not come on saturday
e. the mailman has three dogs