What is an incumbent?

A person that is currently holding the position.

Explanation:

You'll generally hear the term incumbent when talking about politics, and when used, it would generally mean the person who is currently holding the office.

For example, the incumbent for the upcoming election for presidency is Donald J. Trump.

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i think idk if im right but i think its d

the passage can be best described as: "the british legislature extended an unwarranted jurisdiction".

we can say that because the text clearly states how the people of the colonies warned the british about their excessive desire to rule over them, without taking into consideration the difficulties their brothers had experienced in america: they struggled to establish the colonies, to adapt to new types of weather, fight with the natives, etc., and how they now see (or then saw) the only way out was to cut all ties with the british, since they ignored the people's petitions.