The author uses a word that means "a brief venture into a new field" in the text. Choose the word in the paragraph that MOST CLOSELY matches this meaning. Over the past 50 years, American and Soviet scientists have utilized the animal world for testing. Despite losses, these animals have taught the scientists a tremendous amount more than could have been learned without them. Without animal testing in the early days of the human space program, the Soviet and American programs could have suffered great losses of human life. These animals performed a service to their respective countries that no human could or would have performed. They gave their lives and/or their service in the name of technological advancement, paving the way for humanity's many forays into space.

"Forays".

Explanation:

As seen in the given paragraph, the author talks about a new venture, a brief act of getting into a new field of study. And the word that closely resembles/has the nearest/closest meaning to the required word is "forays".

Now, the word "foray" means a sudden intrusion or entry into a new or completely foreign area. This means the at of getting into unknown field/ area, making it an entry into something never done before. Thus, the word "forays" is the closest thing to the required word for "a brief venture into a new field".

the personification of the word prudence d) it effectively enhances the logos and ethos of the argument.

logos means appeal to the logic or reasoning of the people.

ethos means appeal to the credibility of the argument, that it is worth listening to and acting upon.