Read the following excerpt from a bigger passage. from Yawning Together by Dave Munger

• Most yawns last about six seconds.

• While the majority of the 58,000 species of vertebrates yawn, only humans, chimpanzees,
and dogs appear to find them contagious.

• Humans are capable of yawning as young as 11 weeks after conception—before they are
even born!

• Yawns become contagious in humans between the first and second years of life.

• While yawns are commonly associated with boredom or fatigue, your heart rate actually
increases during a yawn—by as much as 30%.

What is the primary purpose of the article?
A) To summarize research on contagious yawning
B) To explain why yawning is healthful for people and animals
C) To describe how human yawning differs from dog yawning
D) To suggest that scientists will never fully understand why people yawn

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

the apollo program, also known as project apollo, was the third united states human spaceflight program carried out by the national aeronautics and space administration (nasa), which succeeded in landing the first humans on the moon from 1969 to 1972.

i think that the answer is substandard.

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