What is difference between present perfect and past simple?

present is now

past is a long time ago.

I'm not sure what you mean by perfect, plz if u can add something else so I could understand

a) he encouraged islamic schools to introduce greek texts.

d) he invited greek scholars to teach their texts to the locals.

explanation:

paine is arguying that they had tried everything before coming to the conclusion that they needed to fight for their freedom.

argument: "every quiet method for peace hath been ineffectual."

claim 1: "our prayers have been rejected with disdain; and only tended to convince us, that nothing flatters vanity, or confirms obstinacy in kings more than repeated petitioning and nothing hath contributed more than that very measure to make the kings of europe absolute."

claim 2: "wherefore, since nothing but blows will do, for god’s sake, let us come to a final separation, and not leave the next generation to be cutting throats, under the violated unmeaning names of parent and child."