Question 9 (Essay Worth 10 points) (HC)

Read the following article on Gertrude Elion. Then, read the summary that follows. You will notice that the summary is incorrectly written. In this lesson, you learned six rules for writing an effective summary. Using this information, make three specific suggestions that would improve this ineffective summary.

Important note: Do NOT write a summary. You will write three suggestions for improving this summary. Your suggestions must be based on the six rules of effective summaries that you learned in the lesson.

Complete article from Encyclopedia Britannica

U. S. pharmacologist (one who studies drug interactions) Gertrude B. Elion received the Nobel prize for medicine in 1988 along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black. The three were awarded the prize for their development of drugs used to treat several major diseases.

Gertrude Belle Elion was born on Jan. 23, 1918, in New York City. She graduated from Hunter College in New York City with a degree in biochemistry in 1937. Unable to obtain a graduate research position because she was a woman, she took a series of jobs, including lab assistant, chemistry and physics teacher in New York City high schools, and research chemist. During this time she also took classes at New York University, where she earned a master's degree in 1941. Because she could not devote herself to full-time studies, Elion never received a doctorate.

In 1944 Elion joined the Burroughs Wellcome Laboratories (now part of GlaxoSmithKline (a company that makes prescription medicines)). There she was first the assistant and then the colleague of Hitchings, with whom she worked for the next four decades. Elion and Hitchings developed an array (variety) of new drugs that were effective against leukemia, autoimmune disorders, urinary-tract infections, gout, malaria, and viral herpes. Their success was due primarily to their innovative (characterized by new or unique) research methods. Rather than using the trial-and-error approach used by previous pharmacologists, Elion and Hitchings examined the difference between the biochemistry of normal human cells and that of cancer cells, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens (disease-causing agents). They used this information to create drugs that could target a particular pathogen without harming the human host's normal cells. Their methods enabled them to eliminate much of the guesswork and wasted effort typical in previous drug research.

Although Elion officially retired in 1983, she helped oversee the development of azidothymidine (AZT), the first drug used in the treatment of AIDS. In 1991 she was awarded a National Medal of Science and was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. She died on Feb. 21, 1999, in Chapel Hill, N. C.

Student J. Doe's Summary

Gertrude Elion was born in 1918 in New York City. She went to school for many years and eventually won the Nobel prize. She was unable to obtain a graduate research position because she was a woman. She took a series of jobs, including lab assistant, chemistry and physics teacher in New York City high schools, and research chemist. She was a scientist who helped discover many important drugs that saved lives. Elion also discovered new ways to test drugs. She died in 1999, 16 years after she retired from Burroughs Wellcome Laboratories. I think she was a terrific scientist.