They are called Extemporaneous Speeches
Explanation:
There are four various types of speech making. Namey:
Impromptu speechManuscript speechExtemporaneous speechMemorized speech
1. Impromptu Speech: This is the kind of speech you give when you are 100% unprepared for it. For example, you are at your best friend's bridal shower and you are asked to say a couple of things about the couple (pun intended), you'd immediately feel some pressure, not just about the words to say, but saying it rightly, conveying the right message and leaving everyone more cheerful at the end than when you started.
So for an impromptu speech, the speaker under this kind of delivery will most likely engage the audience from his or her reservoir of knowledge and if they are quick on their feet, are able to make up points and deliver them as they go. Some of the techniques which aid great impromptu delivery are:
Pace yourself: Pacing means timing one's self by taking one's time to develop those points. A fast-paced speech is not necessarily the best speech. The ability to present the point logically and emotionally is a great-to-have.Brief Points: The shorter your sentences for an impromptu speech the better. It is not safe to go on into a protracted explanation of a point for this kind of speechCourse correction: It is not out of place to get a speaker's block sometimes. That is to run out of words that adequately describe or convey your thoughts. When this happens take time to collect your thoughts.
Focusing on the audience rather than how you feel can help you overcome some of the mental hurdles of delivering an impromptu speech.
Lastly, when you make a mistake feel free to laugh at yourself whilst correcting yourself. Laughing at one's self communicates vulnerability and has a way of making the audience more comfortable with you. It also has the effect of making the audience laugh with you rather than at you.
2. Manuscript Speech
This kind of is best given in situations where it is unforgivable and highly risky to say the wrong thing. For example, when a president is giving a public address, it is almost always a manuscript speech. It may be an acceptance speech before taking office, a speech given to a mourning nation after a disaster, the central bank governor or Chief economic adviser explaining why the economy is in a recession and what can be done about it, the Minister of health stating why there must be another lockdown to prevent or forestall the spread of the C-Virus. etc.
Because the speech is pre-written, the speaker need only focus on their reading skills to ensure that words are pronounced correctly. There are cases where the manuscript is faulty. If the speaker didn't have time to do a check on the document, he or she must be careful to ensure that those errors are corrected as they speak.
One demerit of scripted speeches is that they may become boring if the speaker does not deliberately infuse it with energy and cadence.
Cadence refers to the manner in which one's sentences flow. To speak with cadence means to use a rhythm while stressing certain words throughout the sentence at the same time-varying one's pitch.
3. Extemporaneous Speech
This is a middle ground between impromptu and scripted speech. Extemporaneous Speeches are delivered with the help of cards or notes which hold the speaker's key points. With this kind of speech, the speaker knows his next point but the delivery is completely unscripted which means that if he delivered same speech again, he or she would most likely use completely different words than they did before.
This kind of speech works very well when the speaker has pre-rehearsed it to ensure there is a rhythm and a flow logically.
4. Memorized Speech
This is the most difficult kind of delivery. People who have excellent memory use this to achieve a great effect. Great orators have memorized their speeches. Memorizing ones speech gives one-off as a genius and allows the freedom to focus on the non-verbal cues of the audience whilst connecting with them.
If care is not taken, a memory speech may quickly become 'mono-chromatic' in delivery that is without cadence and emphasis on main points. This could leave the audience confused.
It helps to first create the speech in a language that feels more natural to you and after that, rehearse giving it over and over again.
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