Which verb form is used to indicate present perfect tense? verb or verb -s will verb have verb -ed have verb -ing

According to aristotle, what is an "artistic" proof?

How can you paraphrase this, this is about golden age fallacies.these are all rational people who know that older is not necessarily better, but many are taken in by this fallacy and seem no longer able to reason with any degree of reliability

Which best describes the tone in these lines "the fish"