What type of figurative language is used in this excerpt "he was a shoulder who had given up before the war begun"

Does anyone know the answers to these two? i don’t want to have to guess, you!

What is a positive result of the scientific revolution

Which words in this excerpt from the count of monte cristo can be used as synonyms to determine the meaning of the word grotto? dant? s entered the second grotto. the second grotto was lower and more gloomy than the first; the air that could only enter by the newly formed opening had the mephitic smell dant? s was surprised not to find in the outer cavern. he waited in order to allow pure air to displace the foul atmosphere, and then went on. 1. air 2. opening 3. mephitic 4. cavern 5. pure 6. atmosphere