Source: Michelle Z. Donahue, "How Much Does it Really Cost (the Planet) to Make a Penny?" Published on Smithsonian. com, 2016: Pennies have an estimated 25-year life span, but because so many of them fall through the proverbial cracks, demand from year to year varies.

Student text:
As Donahue writes, every year the demand for pennies varies because so many of them fall through the proverbial cracks.

Is the student text plagiarized?

A. No, it's not plagiarized.
B. Yes, Because it fails to use quotation marks.
C. Yes, Because it fails to cite the source
D. Yes, Because it fails to use quotation marks and cite the source.