How does this organizational shift affect the passage? 1. The shift disrupts the flow of information in the passage.

2. The shift makes it difficult for readers to see how engraving evolved.

3. The shift supports two different main ideas about the evolution of engraving.

4. The shift clarifies and builds upon information in the beginning of the passage.

in the quotation from passage, connie willis states that literature is a way for authors from the past to communicate with readers of today. we can read their stories, books, and other texts to learn lessons about life. willis refers to these lessons as messages “from beyond the grave.” willis has a favorable viewpoint about the timelessness of literature.

participle: dressed; modifies: bride.