When reading popular press articles, why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

A variable whose levels are selected (i.e. measured), not manipulated. Because the levels are not manipulated, variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity are not truly 'independent' variables. However, when they are studied in a factorial design, researchers often call them independent variables for the sake of simplicity.

A variable such as age, gender, or ethnicity whose levels are selected (i.e., measured), not manipulated.

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