How do you choose the right words

How does this author’s choice influence the reader’s opinion of gatsby?

Which of these can an adverbial clause modify?

1. a poem that tells a story irony 2. taking on human characteristics narrative 3. a direct comparison between two things personification 4. words that are opposite the thoughts in a speaker's mind simile 5. implied comparison introduced with "as" and "like idiom 6. one's own manner of speaking metaphor