Which excerpt below is an example of the author's use of logos in "lifeboat ethics: the case against the poor"?
a. "a wise and competent government saves out of the production of the good years in anticipation of bad years to come. joseph taught this policy to pharaoh in egypt more than 2,000 years ago."
b. "the spaceship metaphor can be dangerous when used by misguided idealists to justify suicidal policies for sharing our resources through uncontrolled immigration and foreign aid."
c. "ironically, one man who did was the late alan gregg, a vice president of the rockefeller foundation. two decades ago he expressed strong doubts about the wisdom of such attempts to increase food production."
d. "on the average poor countries undergo a 2.5 percent increase in population each year; rich countries, about 0.8 percent."