Which word or phrase best describes the political and religious atmosphere of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

progressive

radical yet plain

highly ritualistic

tumultuous

tumultuous

Explanation:

There was “The 30 Years War” the war started in 1618  and it was about religion. The war took place from 1618 to 1648, was tremendously destructive. In Central Europe, millions of people were killed, including many from starvation brought on by the war.  

Many different states within the quickly fracturing Holy Roman Empire were involved as were France and Sweden and Denmark and England. On the one hand you had the imperial forces, led by the Catholic Hapsburg Ferdinand II, and on the other hand you had protestant Frederick V and his allies among the protestant aristocrats of central Europe.

is it "means of nourishment"

this isnt an english question.