Which literary device is employed in the following sentence from herman melville’s short story "bartleby, the scrivener"?

and here bartleby makes his home, sole spectator of a solitude which he has seen all populous—a sort of innocent and transformed marius brooding among the ruins of carthage!

a) allegory

b) irony

c) allusion

d) symbolism

I’m just thinking something from the top of my head so it may not be much so if weathering didn’t exist, there wouldn’t be anything to break up earth’s crust naturally. so by assumptions, the rocks on earth would be larger than they actually are since there’s nothing to break them up into smaller parts.overall, i’m not really sure, but all i know is that it’ll mess up the rock cycle that we have now.hoped this .

Im sure its the answer is  4 1 2 3 thats hope i