Which statement best summarizes the central theme of this excerpt from leo tolstoy’s the death of ivan ilyich?

and suddenly it grew clear to him that what had been oppressing him and would not leave him was all dropping away at once from two sides, from ten sides, and from all sides. he was sorry for them, he must act so as not to hurt them: release them and free himself from these sufferings. "how good and how simple! " he thought. "and the pain? " he asked himself. "what has become of it? where are you, pain? "

he turned his attention to it.

"yes, here it is. well, what of it? let the pain be."

"and is it? "

he sought his former accustomed fear of death and did not find it. "where is it? what death? " there was no fear because there was no death.

in place of death there was light.

1.acceptance of death causes less pain.
2.death is painful and cannot be avoided.
3.death should be feared since it is painful.
4.freeing oneself from death is impossible.

The Death of Ivan IIyich, written by Leo Tolstoy and published in 1886, tells the story of a judge from the Court of Justice, Ivan, who has to face first a life without any substance or depth in it, which he embraces even if it hurts him and he is unhappy, an unhappy marriage with a family that barely cares for him, an accident that at first seems harmless but later on becomes the reason for his passing, his contact with innocence through his servant boy, Gerasim, which forces him to realize the difference between an artifical and an authentic life, and finally, his contact with death and its inevitability. In the end, Ivan realizes that death cannot be avoided and that embracing it and accepting it can be much less painful than fighting it. This is why the correct answer is 1. Acceptance of death causes less pain.

source text: from the sketch here given it will be seen, that our good grandmothers differed considerably in their ideas of a fine figure, from their scantily dressed descendants of the present day. a fine lady, in those times, waddled under more clothes even on a fair summer's day, than would have clad the whole bevy of a modern ball room. nor were they the less admired by the gentlemen in consequence thereof. on the contrary, the greatness of a lover's passion seemed to increase in proportion to the magnitude of its object—and a voluminous damsel, arrayed in a dozen of petticoats, was declared by a low-dutch sonnetteer of the province, to be radiant as a sunflower, and luxuriant as a full blown cabbage. certain it is, that in those days, the heart of a lover could not contain more than one lady at a time; whereas the heart of a modern gallant has often room enough to accommodate half a dozen - - the reason of which i conclude to be, either that the hearts of the gentlemen have grown larger, or the persons of the ladies smaller — this however is a question for physiologists to determine. add punctuation to the following excerpt. writing under the name of diedrich knickerbocker washington irving aimed his potent satire at as diverse topics as political rivals such as thomas jefferson to the very ideal of looking back on the past affectionately: a fine lady, in those times, waddled under more clothes even on a fair summer's day, than would have clad the whole bevy of a modern ball room. a voluminous damsel, arrayed in a dozen of petticoats, was declared by a low-dutch sonnetteer of the province, to be radiant as a sunflower, and luxuriant as a full blown cabbage. in those days, the heart of a lover could not contain more than one lady at a time; whereas the heart of a modern gallant has often room enough to accommodate half a dozen

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