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i first learned about the transforming power of education from stories about my paternal grandfather.
granddaddy rice was a poor farmer’s son in ewtah, alabama. one day, he decided to get book-learning. and so he asked, in the language of the day, where a colored man could go to school. they said that a little presbyterian school, stillman college, was only about 50 miles away. so he
saved up his cotton to pay for the first year’s tuition. after the first year, he ran out of cotton and he
needed a way to pay. granddaddy asked the school administrators how those other boys were
staying in school, and he was told that they had what was called a scholarship. and, they said, “if you wanted to be a presbyterian minister, you could have a scholarship too.” my grandfather said,
“that’s just what i had in mind.”
(2) despite all my grandfather had to endure—including poverty and segregation—he understood that
education is a privilege. and with privilege comes responsibility.
(3) the first responsibility of the educated person is to be optimistic. cynicism and pessimism are too
often the companions of learning. there have indeed been dark chapters in the human story—and
the more we learn about history’s failures and cruelties, the more our minds can be tempted to
despair. but for all of our problems today, and by just about every measure, the world is a better, more hopeful place than it ever has been.
(4) the advances that have been made during your lifetimes alone—from breakthroughs in health care, to
the spread of prosperity, to the progress of democracy—have been pushed by optimists, not pessimists.
america’s founders were not pessimists. nor were the wright brothers, or jonas salk, or martin luther
king.* nor is any man or woman of real accomplishment. the reason is simple—pessimism is the easy way out. it is characteristic of those content to stand on the side lines and watch the march of history. optimism requires work.
(5) it requires examination and objective thought. optimists move and shape history because those with
a vision of a better world have the energy and discipline required to make those visions real. with all that you now know, you have no excuse not to be optimists. you should know that progress is not only possible, but an unfolding story in which you have an obligation to play a part.

evaluate rice’s use of persuasive appeals in the speech. begin by identifying her main claim. then, in one or two sentences, explain whether the appeals she makes are
sufficient to support that claim.