How can a reader determine the theme of a piece of literature?

a.)by considering a character’s growth, the author’s tone, and the effect of the piece on the reader
b.)by identifying point of view, genre, and sentence structure
c.)by analyzing figures of speech and rhetorical devices found in the piece
d.)by locating the topic sentence and using it as the theme statement

The rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden." permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago.which choice combines these two sentences from paragraph two to achieve a coherent flow of ideas? a) the rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden" and permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago. b) permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago and the rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden." c) the rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden; " and so the permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago. d) because of the rich natural resources which made the sacramento valley a ‘garden of eden,’ native americans established permanent villages there 8,000 years ago.

The reader can conclude that the passage is part of an epic poem because rama

What is the italicized part in the sentence , all of the operators are efficient.