Which of these themes do the poems “dover beach” by matthew arnold and “recessional” by rudyard kipling have in common?

a) nothing is certain in this world.
b) history repeats itself.
c) people have become too proud.
d) war is a terrible evil.

Both poems show that nothing is certain in this world and while he doesn't say it the cliffs of Dover are also not permanent as they are constantly receding as geologists know but Mathew Arnold says that the old way of doing things is giving way to modernity and Rudyard Kipling says that even British colonial power can not last forever.

It shows that the milk is like life to the boy