Read the passage. we place you upon those seats, spread soft with the feathery down of the globe thistle, there beneath the shade of the spreading branches of the tree of peace. there shall you sit and watch the council fire of the confederacy of the five nations, and all the affairs of the five nations shall be transacted at this place before you. roots have spread out from the tree of the great peace, one to the north, one to the east, one to the south and one to the west. the name of these roots is the great white roots and their nature is peace and strength. . in the iroquois constitution, what do the branches symbolize?

As one of the first system of government in North America, the Iroquois constitution was the result of the Confederacy of the Five Nations, integrated by the Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida, and Cayuga Native American tribes. Among their many traditions, the Great Tree of Peace was one of utmost importance. The tree itself symbolized the understanding and the preservation of peace among all five nations (On the words of The Covenant: "The tree signifies law and the law is peace among all nations").

As for the branches, they were seen as the protection that peace offered to all the members of the Confederacy ("The branches of this tree signify shelter, giving each individual protection and security under the law. These branches are tended by those among the people who are men").

Answer is: The protection that peace offered to all the members of the Confederacy of the Five Nations.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)