Read the excerpt from "Climate Change: An Overview.” By the early twentieth century, carbon emissions from fossil-fuel burning reached 1 billion tons a year. Automobiles, airplanes, and domestic and agricultural energy demands all contributed to the rising trend. In the 1950s, scientists used a new generation of equipment to confirm that carbon-dioxide concentrations were doubling and that this would have the effect of increased temperatures.

This excerpt primarily describes the

long-term effect of increasing carbon emissions.
long-term effect of decreasing temperatures.
short-term effect of decreasing the use of new technology.
short-term effect of increasing energy demands.

taking into account that a theme is the central topic a text treats and can be developed through a story, play, poem etc. the following are themes that can be further developed:  

my best friend jeffrey has many unusual interests. (the story could be about each of the unususal interests)

once a man gives his soul over to evil, he can never go back. (this could be a saying or a proverb)

the three sheepdogs lay around the yard all day. (it could be developed detailing how each of these sheepdogs lay around)

a priest's collar has an unusual effect upon people. (it could be developed detailing the different effect upon people)

innocence is a powerful force in a world full of corruption. (it could be developed detailing how is a world full of corruption)

king lear is a play shakespeare wrote later. (it is just a sentence and doesnt give any idea or topic to be discussed in details.

evil often wears the disguise of innocence. (this could be a saying or a proverb)

the guest is my guess

answer: b (host)

viruses use the cells of living organisms to reproduce. the cell which is used by virus is called as "host cell". it is a living cell in which virus multiplies, example bacteria, plant or an animal cell.

in this, the virus is a parasite, which uses host cell for its benefit (reproduction) by using the cell machinary of host cell.