Read and use both stories to help you answer questions 7-10. Sailing The Seas Put together wood and canvas. Power them with wind. What do you get? You have created the sailing ship. For thousands of years, the sailing ship was the main way to travel the ocean. People used sailing ships to trade with other countries. People also used sailing ships to travel across oceans to settle new lands.
Beginning in the 1840s, a new type of ship began to sail the seas. It was called a clipper ship, clipper ships seemed to fly across the water. Clipper ships were built to be faster than other sailing ships. Before clipper ships, it could take 200 days to travel from New York to California. Clipper ships could make the trip in less than 100 days.
Shipbuilders competed to build the fastest clipper ships. Between the launching of his first ship in 1845 and the closing of his shipyard in 1873, McKay built some of the largest and fastest clipper ships. One of McKay’s ships, the Flying Cloud, set a record for the fastest trip from New York to California. In 1854, it made the trip in 86 days.
Clipper ships were used to transport goods around the world. They carried tea and silk from China to New York and California. Clippers also moved goods produced on the East Coast to gold miners and settlers in California. The cargo on a clipper ship was valuable. One clipper ship, the Challenger, returned from China carrying silk and tea worth $2 million.
In the 1860s, new forms of transportation began to replace the clipper ship. Railroads were built across the United States so people could use trains to ship goods. Steamships were also invented. Steamships had a big advantage over clipper ships and other sailing ships. They did not have to depend on wind for the power to propel them. They had engines powered by steam. Steamships could run in a greater variety of weather conditions, so they were more reliable than clipper ships. Then, as now, traders wanted to beat their competitors. They wanted to arrive at their destinations before anyone else and with the most cargo. So, of course, they turned to steam-powered vessels. In a short time, the age of the sailing ship had ended.

Read and use both stories to help you answer questions 7-10. Fulton's Triumph
A nervous crowd moved about on a dock on the East River in New York City on August 17. 1807. Robert Fulton was set to make a trip up the Hudson River to Albany and had chosen several brave friends to go with him. It would be the first trip of its kind on a boat powered by a steam engine.
When the boat was being built, Fulton often noticed people making fun of it and joking about it. The boat was big-about 150 feet long-but it didn't look like other ships of the time. It was only 13 feet wide, and it had just one small sail and a flat bottom. A large paddle wheel stuck out on both sides. People thought it was misnamed the North River and should have been called Fulton's Folly because it was so foolish.
Some of the passengers grumbled and wished they had not come.
Fulton was able to fix the problem with a minor adjustment. Soon the boat was rapidly moving up the river. It made its first stop at the town of Clermont. Later, people gave the boat the name of the town, Clermont. It traveled the first 110 miles in just 24 hours. Fulton reported passing many schooners so quickly that they seemed as if they were anchored. In another eight hours, the boat arrived in Albany.
The passengers gladly left the boat for dry land. They were thankful they had made it safely. Still, they told Fulton he probably couldn't do it again. Even if he could, they thought it would be unimportant to people.
Fulton posted a sign seeking passengers for the return trip to New York. He would charge $3, the same price as the sailing ships. Only two passengers signed up. Most people were afraid the steam boiler would explode. The crew fed a roaring fire with pine logs. The tall chimney spouted a dense stream of black smoke and steady shower of sparks. One observer thought the boat looked like a sawmill mounted on a flat-bottomed boat and set on fire.
The steamboat looked very different from the silent majestic sailing ships of the time, especially at night. The crews of some salling ships thought it was a monster racing down the river. They hid below the deck when it passed. Other people stood on the banks, waving handkerchiefs and cheering in celebration. Fulton and his passengers arrived back in New York City safely. The boat had covered 300 miles in 62 hours, a little more than 21 days. Land travel was slow and uncomfortable. Shifting winds and tides made sailing the river unpredictable.
Today, his first boat might be called Fulton's Triumph rather than Fulton's Folly.

Question: The introduction of clipper ships and steamboats brought about major changes in transportation. Explain these changes, using at least two details from each text.

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