In sentence 10 (reproduced below), the writer wants to compare a specific difference between making pennies now and making pennies at an earlier time. In 2001, it cost 0.79 cents to make a penny, but now, with metal costs increasing, the cost has changed in a noteworthy way.
Which of the following versions of the underlined text most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A. (as it is now)
B. the cost has soared to 1.8 cents per penny
C. economists worry that the penny is unsustainable
D. the United States Mint has looked into less expensive metals
E. the penny is made of only 2.5% copper

B. the cost has soared to 1.8 cents per penny.

Explanation:

In the given sentence, the reproduction of the given sentence means changing the sentence or particular line into a more refined or better version. This will be in tune with maintaining the meaning of the replaced line or words while trying to 'change' it.

While the first part of the sentence provides the previous cost of making pennies, the second part is about the current cost. And in the given sentence, "the cost has changed in a noteworthy way" can be changed into "the cost has soared to 1.8 cents per penny" to make the point much clearer. This change will ensure that the readers know and understand the 'hike' in the cost of penny making, which also completes the comparison.

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).