Excerpt 1 The constellation of the Great Bear. which in our skies never sets during its revolution round the pole, did set and rise when a sufficient
southern latitude had been attained. On the other hand, constellations new to the inhabitants of northern climes were seen to rise above the
southern horizon. These circumstances would be quite incompatible with the supposition that the earth was a flat surface.
Excerpt 2
Ptolemy commences with laying down the undoubted truth that the shape of the earth is globular. The proofs which he gives of this
fundamental fact are quite satisfactory. they are indeed the same proofs as we give today. There is, first of all, the well-known circumstance of
which our books on geography remind us, that when an object is viewed at a distance across the sea. the lower part of the object appears cut
off by the interposing curved mass of water.
Excerpt 3
Imagine a fixed arm to extend from the earth to the sun, as shown in the accompanying figure, then this arm will move round uniformly, in
consequence of the sun's movement. At a point I on this arm let a small circle be described. Venus is supposed to revolve uniformly in this
small circle. while the circle itself is carried round continuously by the movement of the sun. In this way it was possible to account for the chief
peculiarities in the movement of Venus. It will be seen that. in consequence of the revolution around P, the spectator on the earth will
sometimes see Venus on one side of the sun, and sometimes on the other side, so that the planet always remains in the SO sun's vicinity. By
properly proportioning the movements, this little contrivance simulated the transitions from the morning star to the evening star. to
Excerpt 4
He came to the conclusion that to attribute any motion to the earth would be incompatible with the truths at which he had already arrived.
The earth, argued Ptolemy, lies at the centre of the celestial sphere. If the earth were to be endowed with movement, it would not lie always
at this point. it must, therefore, shift to some other part of the sphere. The movements of the stars, however, preclude the possibility of this:
and therefore, the earth must be as devoid of any movement of translation as it is devoid of rotation. Thus it was that Ptolemy convinced
himself that the stability of the earth, as it appeared to the ordinary senses, had a rational philosophical foundation.