Today, few people have heard of Jundi Shapur. But in its time, it was an exceptional university. Jundi Shapur was built in what is now Iran sometime between the 400s and mid-500s A. D. . . . By the 600s, the doctors at the school were writing about a medicine from India named sharkara or, as the Persians called it, shaker—­sugar. Indeed, scholars at Jundi Shapur invented new and better ways to refine cane into sugar. Since the school had links with many of the great civilizations of Asia, the Mediterranean, and Europe, word of sugar and the experience of tasting its special sweetness began to spread. But that does not mean people were baking sweet cakes and topping them with sugary icing.

–Sugar Changed the World,
Marc Aronson and Marina Budhos

How does the map develop the central idea that scholars at Jundi Shapur spread the knowledge of sugar?

The map illustrates the spread of sugar from New Guinea to Persia.
The map shows that sugar was being refined primarily in the north rather than the south.
The map illustrates the spread of knowledge about refined sugar processing to Egypt.
The map illustrates that people in China knew how to refine sugar and shared this knowledge.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

ill need more info in order to answer yer ?

particulars about treasure island, from the beginning to the end, keeping nothing back but the bearings of the island, and that only because there is still treasure not yet lifted, i take up my pen in the year of grace and go back to the time when my father kept th

explanation: