Exercise 1: NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS A. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants , without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.

What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate? The Plants

B. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction.

Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto land? Breathing and reproduction

C. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water.

Which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled? Dolphin

D. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.

For what period of time has hearing loss in schoolchildren been studied in New Zealand? Over two decades

E. It is probable that many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with ' invisible ' disabilities.

What term is used to describe the hearing problems of schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed? Invisible disabilities

Ex2:

STEPWELLS

Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair and churning butter.

Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.

Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country’s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000 years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.

Questions 6–8

Answer the questions below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6–8 on your answer sheet.

Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people? Pavilions

What type of serious climatic event, which took place in southern Rajasthan, is mentioned in the article? …

Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays? Tourists